political science discussion question and need the explanation and answer to help me learn.
5th Discussion: Social and Economic Disparities Discussion
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As we learned in chapter 5, civil rights is what government needs to intervene to protect citizens from any discrimination. Historically, our civil rights have been challenged and through the various court decisions as the Brown v. Board of Education 1954 and the Congressional legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 people of diverse backgrounds have seen some positive changes.
Yet as we look at the current graphs provided in the lecture, we see that even though we made some positive changes we still have economic disparities among Blacks and Latinos.
In your discussion express your thoughts of why Blacks and Latinos have not reached economic prosperity? Please refer to the graphs provided as well as the article “White families have nearly 10 times the net worth of black families. And the gap is growing” By Tracy Jan. You can also use the other documents that I have attached in this discussion as well as the PowerPoint slides 29-31. (10 points)
Make sure to share your feedback to at least one classmate regarding your thoughts on this matter. In your response to student, make sure that you provide supporting reasons for your comment by using data from articles, graphs and Race economics and social status. (5 points)
Requirements: discussion
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSSpotlight on StatisticsPage 1MAY 2018Race, Economics, And Social StatusReginald A. NoëlSocial and economic status of an individual or group can be measured as a blend of wealth, income, occupation, and education. Other contributors to social and economic status include race, ethnicity, home ownership, family size, family types, and even types of foods purchased. The combination of social and economic status can reveal a group or individual’s unequal access to resources, privilege, power, and control in a society. This Spotlight on Statistics examines Consumer Expenditure Survey data to explore the patterns of social and economic factors by race and ethnicity.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSSpotlight on StatisticsPage 2Household income varies widely by race and ethnicityResearchers and the public have given a lot of attention to social and economic inequality over the past several years. Many factors have widened the gap between those with high and low income in the United States. Such increases in income inequality raise social, political, and economic concerns.Over the 2014–16 period, the average household pretax income was $70,448. Pretax income varied by race and ethnicity, as the average was highest for Asians with $93,390 and lowest for Blacks or African Americans with $48,871. The gap between those in the lowest 10 percent of income and those in the highest 10 percent of income was the widest for Asians and smallest for Hispanics and Blacks or African Americans.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSSpotlight on StatisticsPage 3Educational attainment and social outcomesEducational attainment can have a strong impact on social outcomes, including child mortality, fertility, and income distribution. In addition, studies show that college educated people were more likely to stay married compared to those with less education, thus providing the opportunity for two people to pool their incomes, resources, and social capital. Over the 2014–16 period, approximately 70 percent of Asian households had a member with a Bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 23 percent of Hispanic households.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSSpotlight on StatisticsPage 4Household spending varies widely by race and ethnicityConsumer expenditures can serve as a measure of social and economic status. Average annual household expenditures were $55,607 over the 2014–16 period. Analyzing data of demographic subgroups can give us a deeper understanding of consumption preferences and spending behavior for a particular group. Over the 2014–16 period, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander households had the second highest total household expenditures, with $58,000 per year.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSSpotlight on StatisticsPage 5Household expenditure percentages as an indicatorExpenditure percentages can be used to indicate financial health or determine credit worthiness. For instance, housing expenditure percentages are used in the underwriting process for a mortgage. Over the 2014–16 period, housing expenditures made up 36.8 percent of total household expenditures for Blacks or African Americans, followed by Asians with 36.2 percent, and Hispanics with 35.9 percent.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSSpotlight on StatisticsPage 6Home ownership and residential stabilityHome ownership can indicate a household’s level of income, wealth, and residential stability. “Owner” includes families living in their own homes, cooperatives or condominium apartments, or townhouses. “Renter” includes families paying rent, and families living rent-free in place of wages. The category labeled “Other” includes living arrangements that the consumer unit occupies without paying cash rent, or the consumer unit may be in student housing.Over the 2014–16 period, 71 percent of White households owned a home with or without a mortgage, while 27 percent rented. Over that same period, 56 percent of Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander households rented, while 41 percent owned a home.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSSpotlight on StatisticsPage 7Occupations can influence social networksAn occupation can influence one’s physical and mental health, as well as social networks. Over the 2014–16 period, 15 percent of American Indian or Alaska Native households were mainly supported by a member who was a manager or professional administrator. Administrator occupations include funeral directors and nonprofit executives. About 23 percent of Hispanic or Latino households were supported by a member who worked in other services, including childcare worker, food preparer, janitor, maid, or waiter.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSSpotlight on StatisticsPage 8Family size and standard of livingFamily size is used to assess the minimum level of income needed to calculate the standard of living. Over the 2014–2016 period, about 35 percent of multi-race and Black or African-American households consisted of one member. Over the same period, about 82 percent of Hispanic and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander households had two or more members.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSSpotlight on StatisticsPage 9Family structure and emotional well-beingRecent studies suggest that family structure correlates with access to healthcare, emotional well-being, and behavioral issues of its members. Family structure is based on the relationship of the members to the reference person.Over the 2014–16 period, one-third of Asian, Hispanic, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander households consisted of a married couple and their own children only. More than a quarter of multi-race households include members other than spouses, heads of household, or own children. Over the same period, 11.6 percent of Black households consisted of a female parent and at least one child.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSSpotlight on StatisticsPage 10Foods can link to social and economic statusHealth studies show that consumption of whole grains, lean meats, fish, fresh vegetables, and fruits was regularly linked to higher social and economic groups, whereas consumption of fatty meats, refined grains, and added fats was linked with lower social and economic groups. These links may result from structural factors including access to grocery stores, transportation, and higher costs of healthy foods.Over the 2014–16 period, Asian households spent more than any other household group on fresh fruits and Hispanic or Latino households spent more on fresh chicken. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander households spent more on fresh vegetables and pet food. On average, White and multi-race households spent more than $300 per year on alcohol over that period.
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSSpotlight on StatisticsPage 11
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSSpotlight on StatisticsPage 12More informationReginald A. Noël is an economist in the Division of Consumer Expenditure Surveys, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. You can contact him at noel.reginald@bls.gov. The author’s previous publications includes “Income and spending patterns among black households.”The Consumer Expenditure Surveys program consists of two surveys, the Quarterly Interview Survey and the Diary Survey. The Consumer Expenditure Surveys program is important because it is the only federal survey to provide information on the complete range of consumers’ expenditures and incomes, as well as the characteristics of households all across America.Ethnicity referred to Hispanics or Latinos, who could be of any race. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget defined Hispanic or Latino as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. In this Spotlight on Statistics, this population group was mutually exclusive. Thus, Asians were technically non-Hispanic Asians, Blacks or African Americans were non-Hispanic Blacks or African Americans, and so on for the remaining race categories.Social and economic status, as defined by the American Psychological Association, is the social standing of a household. More information from the American Psychological Association about social and economic status can be found under its section on social and economic status. Many different fields of research have examined and emphasized the importance between social and economic status and things like income inequality and educational attainment.The National Center for Education Statistics also offers great insight about social and economic status with their paper, “Improving the Measurement of Social and economic Status for the National Assessment of Educational Progress: A Theoretical Foundation.” Moreover, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Journal for Nutritionresearch suggest interesting links regarding family types and nutrition when determining social and economic status. Exploring these factors of social and economic status provide a reflective lens and an awareness of the populations within American society.
White families have nearly 10 times the net worth of black families. And the gap is growing By Tracy Jan September 28, 2017 Despite gains in income and wealth, the economic chasm between black and Hispanic families and their white counterparts widened between 2013 and 2016 — even when it comes to Americans with comparable levels of education, according to data released Wednesday by the Federal Reserve. The median net worth of whites remains nearly 10 times the size of blacks’. Nearly 1 in 5 black families have zero or negative net worth — twice the rate of white families. While white families largely recovered from the Great Recession by 2013, black and Hispanic families did not begin to see economic gains until now. And still, the median income for black and Hispanic households has not yet reached 2007 levels. So what explains the simultaneous truths of black and Hispanic families accumulating wealth at a higher rate than white families AND the increasing racial economic disparities? Simple math, economists say. Black and Hispanic families have far less money than whites to begin with, so any bump as a result of the nation’s economic recovery would appear to be disproportionately large. “White households had a head start in rebuilding wealth relative to black and Hispanic households,” said Valerie Wilson, director of the Economic Policy Institute’s program on race, ethnicity, and the economy. “Black and Hispanic households see larger percentage gains simply because they were starting from a lower level.” While net worth for all racial groups fell by about 30 percent during the Great Recession, black and Hispanic families experienced an additional 20 percent decline between 2010 and 2013 at a time when wealth stabilized for white families. “If you’re poor and you go through a tough period, you use all your savings to get through it,” said Jeffrey Eisenach, an economist and managing director at NERA
Economic Consulting, which released a study in December on Latino prosperity. “If you go from having very little to doubling that, you still may not have very much, but you see a big percentage gain.” Between 2013 and 2016, net worth increased 46 percent for Hispanic families, 29 percent for black families, and 17 percent for white families, according to Wednesday’s Fed report. But the wealth gap between black and white families grew by 16 percent during that time, and by 14 percent between Hispanics and whites. In 2016, white families had a median net worth of $171,000, compared with $17,600 for blacks and $20,700 for Hispanics. Put another way, nearly half of black and Hispanic households had a net worth of less than $50,000 in 2016, compared with about a fifth of whites. At the other end of the income spectrum, 15 percent of white households reported a net worth of more than $1 million, compared with about 2 percent of blacks and Hispanics. Incomes also increased across all racial groups between 2013 and 2016, marking a dramatic shift from the previous three-year period, when income fell for all groups except whites.
In 2016, white families earned a median income of $61,200, a 6 percent increase from 2013. Black family income rose 10 percent to $35,400, and Hispanic family income rose 15 percent to $38,500. The Fed reports its Survey of Consumer Finances every three years, surveying more than 6,200 households about their income, debt, stock holdings and other financial assets. It’s considered one of the deepest dives into the total net worth of American families. Among the factors that contribute to disparities in net worth: homeownership rates, retirement savings and student debt. More than 70 percent of white families own their homes, compared with less than half of black and Hispanic families. White families also hold higher levels of equity in their homes. However, the percentage of black families whose homes were underwater fell dramatically, from 14 percent in 2013 to 4 percent in 2016. Hispanic families experienced a similar drop in negative equity, from 12 percent in 2013 to 3 percent in 2016. But they still lagged behind white families, with less than 2 percent owing more than the value of their homes in 2016.
Sixty percent of white families reported having retirement savings, about double the rate of black and Hispanic families. White families are also twice as likely to own a business. And black families were the most burdened by education loans, with 31 percent reporting college debt, compared with about 20 percent of Hispanics and whites. Fed economists offer other potential reasons for the racial wealth gap: white households are older, more highly educated, more likely to have received an inheritance, and are less likely to be headed by a single parent than their black and Hispanic counterparts. But even among families headed by someone with a college degree, median net worth for white families is substantially higher at $397,100 — compared with well below $100,000 for black and Hispanic families. “In dollar terms, blacks and Hispanics are continuing to fall further behind,” said Caroline Ratcliffe, a senior fellow at the Urban Institute who focuses on asset and wealth building. Many black and Hispanic families were stripped of their wealth in the aftermath of the housing crisis, when they were disproportionately preyed upon by subprime lenders and lost their homes, she said. Nonwhite families were also more likely to withdraw money from their retirement savings during the recession. “They were pulling money out while more affluent people could continue putting their money into the stock market when the value was low so they won on the upside,” Ratcliffe said. Tax policies favoring homeowners and people saving for retirement also are tilted to benefit wealthy, mostly white Americans, further helping them build their assets, she said. The tax code allows homeowners to deduct their mortgage interest and gives preferential treatment for retirement savings.
“There is a tendency to think that people who have lower wealth can be cured by individual behavioral changes such as spending more wisely, but that’s not what is driving this wealth gap,” said Kilolo Kijakazi, an Urban Institute fellow whose research focuses on the racial wealth gap. “It really requires getting at the underlying problems that contributed to the huge gap in the first place. And that’s about structural barriers, policies, institutional practices and programs that created this huge divide.” Ted Mellnik and Heather Long contributed to this report.
Civil Rights Today•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwBjF_VVFvE
American Government and Politics TodayChapter 5Civil Rights
Civil Rights and Civil Liberties•Civil Liberties specify what the government cannotdo.•Ex. Bill of Rights•Civil Rights specify what the government mustdo to ensure equal protection and freedom from discrimination.•Ex. Civil Rights Act 1964
Civil Rights•All rights rooted in the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection under the law. (pg. 156)•What have been some of the struggles of civil rights in this country?•The right to vote•The right to equal protection under the laws•Discrimination
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)•Impact of Scott decision•Slaves were not citizens of the U.S., nor were they entitled to the rights and privileges of citizenship (pg. 161)
Secession and Slavery
The Result of the Civil War•What was the Reconstruction period? Pg. 162 •Emancipation Proclamation (1863)•Passage of the Civil War Amendments:•Thirteenth Amendment-Prohibited Slavery•Fourteenth Amendment-No state shall deny any person equal protection of the laws•Fifteenth Amendment-the right to vote for all men
Civil Rights Act of 1865 to 1875•Civil Rights Act of 1866•Extended citizenship to anyone born in the U.S. and gave African Americans full equality before the law.•The Enforcement Act of 1870•Set out specific criminal sanctions for interfering with the right to vote as protected by the 15thAmendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
Civil Rights Act of 1865 to 1875•Civil Rights Act of 1872-(known as the Anti Ku Klux Klan Act)•Made it a federal crime for anyone to use law or custom to deprive an individual of rights, privileges, and immunities secured by the Constitution or by any federal law.
Civil Rights Act of 1865 to 1875•The Second Civil Rights Act of 1875•Declared everyone is entitled to full and equal enjoyment of public accommodations, theaters, and other places of public amusement, and it imposed penalties on violators.
The Ineffectiveness of the Early Civil Rights Laws•Civil Rights Cases of 1883 invalidated the 1875 Second civil rights Act by stating that 14thAmendment was limited to correcting officialactions taken by states; thus, the discriminatory acts of private citizens were not illegal.•Civil War amendments and the Civil Rights Acts were ignored.
Ineffectiveness of the Early Civil Rights Laws•Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)-pg. 95•Separate but Equal Doctrine-The doctrine holding that separate-but-equal facilities do not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution•Supported racial segregation•Supported Jim Crow laws
Fifteenth Amendment Ignored: Measures to Stop African Americans from VotingSouthern states established set criteria for voting as:•White Primary•Grandfather clause•Poll taxes•Literacy tests
Extralegal Methods of Enforcing White Supremacy•African American were considered 2ndclass citizens.•Practice of lynching•Southern authorities rarely prosecuted those suspected of lynching.
Canvas Activity: Video: Ending School Segregation: The Case of Farmville, Virginia•https://www.learner.org/series/democracy-in-america/civil-rights-demanding-equality/•The Farmville case was a perfect example of “dejure” segregation, as presented in lecture slide 19.This case was critical for ending segregation in our public school school system because it showed the inequalities that existed in public education. Discuss the inequalities that were presented in this video and share what was the outcome of the Brown v Board of Education decision? (5 points) Now as we look at our educational system today, how does “defacto”segregation impact our educational system?(See PowerPoint slide 20) From your perspective do you think we have reached equality in our educational system? Why or why not? Provide your viewpoint in paragraph format and use the attached articles to support your response as well as chapter 5 PowerPoint slides 16-20. (10 points)
The end of the Separate-but-equal Doctrine•Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka(1954)•Segregation of races in the public schools violates the equal protection clause of the 14thAmendment•“With All Deliberate Speed”•2ndBrown decision
Reaction to School integration•1957, Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas’s Governor send National Guard to block the integration•Eisenhower send the army to ensure that integration was successful•Universities remained segregated until 1962, president Kennedy send 30,000 combat troops to the University of Mississippi in Oxford
An integrationist attempt at a cure: Busing•De Jure Segregation-•Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies•Mandatory busing
De facto Segregation•De Facto Segregation-•Racial segregation that occurs because of patterns of racial residence and similar social conditions and area •How is this concept discriminatory?•Limited housing/Ghettos•https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/local/2020/06/24/housing-discrimination-in-detroit-an-example-of-systemic-racism/•https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/
The Impact of De facto Segregation•What are other issues besides redlining that impact our communities due to de facto segregation today?•Inequalities in education?•Health•High crime•Poverty•Police brutaly
Extra Credit: Documentary: As we discussed in this chapter relating to defacto segregation, one of the of the negative factors of this concept is the inequalities of education. If you are interested in seeing this film for extra credit, email me to send you the format for report.
The Civil Rights Movement•Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott (1955)•King’s philosophy of nonviolence•Civil disobedience•A nonviolent, public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws.•Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)•Birmingham protest (1963)•March on Washington (1963)
Modern Civil Rights Legislation
The Civil Rights Act of 1964•Discrimination will not be allowed based on:•Race •Color •Religion •Gender•National origin
•It outlawed arbitrary discrimination in voter registration•It barred discrimination in public accommodations•It authorized the federal government to sue to desegregate public schools and facilities•It expanded the power of the Civil Rights Commission, which was created in 1957•It provided for the withholding of federal funds from programs administered in a discriminatory manner•It established the right to equality of opportunity in employment•It created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Provisions
Voting Rights Act of 1965•29.1% of African Americans voting age were registered in southern states in compare to 61% of whites•The Voting Rights Act had two provisions:•Outlawed discriminatory voter-registration tests•Authorized federal registration of voters and federally administered voting procedures •The act targeted Southern states
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 and other Housing Reform Legislation•Civil rights act of 1968 forbade discrimination in most housing and provided penalties •Lenders today must report to the federal government the race, gender and income of all mortgage-loan seekers and final decisions
Consequences of Civil Rights Legislation•By 1980, 55.8 percent of African Americans of voting age in the South were registered.•2008 election turnout was higher of African Americans than whites•More than ten thousand African American elected officials in the U.S.AP Photo/Pablo Martinez Monsivais
Political participation by other minorities•Political participation by other minorities•Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 extended its protections to other minorities, including Hispanic Americans (or Latinos), Asian Americans, Native Americans, and Native Alaskans
Canvas Discussion:Social and Economic Disparities•Read article “White families have nearly 10 times the net worth of black families. And the gap is growing” By Tracy Jan•As we learned in chapter 5, civil rights is what government needs to intervene to protect citizens from any discrimination.Historically, our civil rights have been challenged and through the various court decisions as the Brown v. Board of Education 1954 and the Congressional legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 people of diverse backgrounds have seen some positive changes.•Yet as we look at the current graphs provided in the lecture, we see that even though we made some positive changes we still have economic disparities among Blacks and Latinos. (slides 32-33)In your discussion express your thoughts of why Blacks and Latinos have not reached economic prosperity?Please refer to the PowerPoint slides 29-31, reports provided as well as the article read in class “White families have nearly 10 times the net worth of black families.And the gap is growing” By Tracy Jan to support your response. (10 points)•You need to use at least 4-5 quotes of data from material provided (5 points)
Median Household Wealth in the United States by Race and Hispanic Origin32
Social Disparity: Race Relations In America A police officer confronts a demonstrator who tried to chain the doors to Chicago police headquarters during a protest over the death of seventeen-year-old Laquan McDonald. An officer who shot McDonald sixteen times was charged with murder more than one year after the incident. Why are police officers rarely convicted in such cases?Scott Olson/Getty Images33
Black Lives Matter Movementhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mv3XmmQOOao
Imprisonment RatesImprisonment Rates per 100,000 Persons for Selected U.S. Population GroupsWhy might the government want to report lower ages?
Documentary: 13thby Ava DuvernayFor extra credit, you can view the documentary 13thby director Ava DuVernay’sin which she explores the history of racial inequity in the United States in particularly in the large number of incarceration of African American’s in our prison system. If you are interested email me for movie format. Now Streaming on Netflix.Please view trailer below:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6IXQbXPO3I
Women’s Struggle for Equal Rights•The first goal of the women’s movement was suffrage.•Early women’s political movements•1848 First woman’s right’s convention in Seneca Falls, NY•NationalWoman Suffrage Association (1869) •AmericanWoman Suffrage Association (1870)•National American Woman Suffrage Association (1880)•The Congressional Union (1900)
Women’s Struggle for Equal Rights•1920 the 19thAmendment was passed: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex”
The modern women’s movement•Feminism means social, political, and economic equality for women.•National Organization for Women (NOW) 1966•The Equal Rights Amendment•“Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.”•1972 the Equal Rights Amendment passed in Congress but 38 states failed to ratify the amendment •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCBYJZ6QbUI&list=TLGGV_3NZtY4uBkxMTA2MjAxOQ&index=1
Challenging Gender Discrimination in Courts•Women’s rights organizations challenged discriminatory statutes and policies in the federal courts, contending that gender discrimination violated the 14thAmendment’s equal protection clause.•Gender discrimination-Any practice, policy, or procedure that denies equality of treatment to an individual or to a group because of gender
Challenging Gender Discrimination in the Courts (1970-1990)•1977, Courts held that police and firefighting units cannot modify height and weight requirement for women•1983, Courts ruled that life insurance companies can’t change rates for men and women•1996, Court ruled state of Virginia Military Institute’s policy of accepting only males violated the equal protection clause
Challenging Gender Discrimination in Courts of today•Women in combat•In January 2013, Department of Defense lifted the Combat Exclusion Policy.•Promotion to top military position•Recently, allowed to serve as combat pilots and on naval warships.This woman, a senior airman in the U.S. Air Force, is stationed at ManasAir Base in the nation of Kyrgyzstan, central Asia. Through 2014, Kyrgyzstan allowed the United States to use this base to resupply its forces in Afghanistan. Since 2013, women have been able to serve in combat in units.Is this a positive development?
Women in Politics Today•Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the House •How many women are serving in Congress?•House Of Representatives-127 (106-D & 21-R)•Senate-25(17-D & 8-R)•Hillary Clinton, served as Secretary of State (2008-2012) and became the first female of a major party nominee for U.S. President•Kamala Harris, 1stWoman Vice President of USA•How many women serve under Biden’s administration?
Women in Sports•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Mc06cIrvXE
Gender-Based discrimination in the workplace•1978,Title VII of the Civil rights act of 1964 prohibits gender discrimination and has extended protection to•Pregnant women (1978)•Sexual Harassment-unwanted physical or verbal conduct or abuse of a sexual nature
What is the #ME TOO Movement About?•Using your phone, find out what is the #ME too Movement about?•How is this issue relate to gender discrimination?•From your perspective, what should government do regarding this issue.
Gender-Based discrimination in the workplace Con’t•Wage discrimination•Fair labor standards act of 1938•Equal pay act 1963•The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009•Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
Gender-Based Discrimination in the Workplace•Wage DiscriminationRecent figures show a woman earns 78 cents for every dollar made by a man•69 cents African American•59 cents for Latina
What is the meaning of Glass Ceiling?“Glass Ceiling” prevents women from reaching the highest executive positions in business
Civil Rights and the Courts-Standards for Judicial Review•Strict scrutiny-a judicial standard for assessing the constitutionality of a law or government action when the law or action threatens to interfere with a right or discriminate against members of a suspect classification.•Examples of suspect classification are: Race, Religion, or National Origin.
Dealing with DiscriminationMembers of the Council on American Islamic Relationsoutside the Supreme Court building during oral arguments on EEOC v. Abercrombie and Fitch. The Court later ruled that the clothing retailer violated antidiscrimination laws when it refused to hire a young woman who wore a head-scarf for religious reasons.What limits, if any, should be placed on religious dress?
What is affirmative action?•A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination The Supreme Court Addresses Affirmative Action
Do Affirmative-Action Programs Violate The Equal Protection Clause of the 14thAmendment?•Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) •Allan Bakke•The Bakke Case Outcome•Reverse discrimination•Affirmative-action programs are constitutional•Race cannot be the sole factor
Additional Limits on Affirmative Action•Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena,1995•Strict scrutiny•University of Michigan cases, 2003•Court allowed limited affirmative-action programs were acceptable and diversity was a legitimate goal.
The end of affirmative action•2006, Michigan passed an initiative prohibiting affirmative action programs in all public universities and state government positions.•Three other states like California, Florida and Washington followed with similar bans on affirmative action
Proposition 16: Repeal Proposition 209 Affirmative Action AmendmentA”yes”votesupportsthis constitutional amendment to repeal Proposition 209 (1996), which stated that the government and public institutionscannot discriminate againstor grant preferential treatmentto persons on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in public employment, public education, and public contracting.A”no”voteopposesthis constitutional amendment, thereby keeping Proposition 209 (1996), which stated that the government and public institutions cannot discriminate againstor grant preferential treatmentto persons on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in public employment, public education, and public contracting.https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_16,_Repeal_Proposition_209_Affirmative_Action_Amendment_(2020)
The Civil Rights of Immigrants•Constitutional rights continued•Immigrants who are not here legally may be deported.•Supreme Court ruled that the government could not deport someone without a hearing that meets constitutional due process standards.•Limits to the rights of deportees
The Changing Face of America•Immigration and fertility rate are leading to a change in the American mosaic•Hispanic Americans have a current fertility rate of 2.0•African Americans have a fertility rate of 1.8 •Non-Hispanic white Americans have a fertility rate of 1.76.•Asians had the lowest fertility rate in the US in 2018 1.5
Hispanics in the United States
Hispanic American, 2004
Immigration and the Civil Rights agenda•1 million people per year immigrate to U.S.•12% of U.S. population are foreign born•1977, 4 out of 5 immigrants come from Latin America and Asia•In 2017 Asian 37.4 % outnumbered Hispanics 26.6% on arrival to US•https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2019/06/03/facts-on-u-s-immigrants/
Public opinion about Immigrationhttps://news.gallup.com/poll/259103/new-high-say-immigration-important-problem.aspx
The Civil Rights of Immigrants: So what is next for DACA?•https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/18/politics/daca-immigration-supreme-court/index.html•https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/6
Growth in the Gay Male and Lesbian Rights MovementSince the 1970’s, gay men and lesbians have formed thousands of organizations to exert pressure on legislatures, the media, schools, churches, and other organizations to recognize their right to equal treatment.
Same Sex Marriage•2003,Massachusetts became the 1ststate to recognize same sex marriage•In 2010 the Supreme Court found that the provision of the Defense of Marriage Act that banned federal recognition of same sex marriages performed by states was unconstitutional.•In 2015, the courts ruled that states cannot ban same sex marriages, handling gay rights advocates their biggest victory•What are the current issues today for the LGBTQ community?
A victory for the LGBTQ Community: Supreme Court says gay, transgender workers protected by law 6/15/20•The court decided in the Bostock v. Clayton County case by a 6-3 vote that a key provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 known as Title VII that bars job discrimination because of sex, among other reasons, encompasses bias against people because of their sexual orientation or gender identity.•https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=55&v=BdknzmWgrm8&feature=emb_title
Stop Discrimination Now!So from what you learned in this chapter, which issue is the one you think should be the priority for our government to protect. For this assignment choose from the topics below:•Affirmative Action•Discrimination (housing, school, race and voting)•Gender discrimination•Immigration rights•LGBTQ rights•Police brutality•Explain why selected this issue and discuss how this issue is impacting the rights of citizens. (5 points) •Research an organization from the USA that is working to end this injustice. Provide examples by using the organization website or social media. (5 points)•Be creative to present the information requested for this assignment. You can create a flyer and use art graphics or information from the organization website or social media. (5 points)
Let’s do this!!!!•https://youtu.be/knj36fq2Y5w
Your turn!!!•For next class you are to share a song that has a political message about topics that we talked about in this chapter. •You are to submit the lyrics of the song and in one paragraph share how is this song related to what we learned in this class.
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3. Fill in your paper’s academic level, deadline and the required number of pages from the drop-down menus.
4. Click “FINAL STEP” to enter your registration details and get an account with us for record keeping and then, click on “PROCEED TO CHECKOUT” at the bottom of the page.
5. From there, the payment sections will show, follow the guided payment process and your order will be available for our writing team to work on it.
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