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Gateway 2 unit 1 : Education Target Vocabulary : education 1 – Types of education : there are many types of education but the most frequent ones are : Formal , Non-formal, and informal education • Formal education : refers to the types of learning that are taking place in an educational institution , where there is a syllabus , a teacher and is usually recognised in a qualification or a certificate . • Non-formal education : it refers to a learning through programs (like formal education ) but it is not usually evaluated and it does not lead to certification . • Informal education : it refers to any learning resulted from activities related to our daily life . • Vocational education: Prepares learners for careers or professions related to a specific trade, occupation or vacation • Special education: Describes an educational alternative that focuses on the teaching of students with special (behavioural, health academic or physical) needs that can not be met using traditional programs or techniques. • Inclusive education: It is the one that addresses the learning needs of children, youth and adults especially those who vulnerable to marginalization and exclusion • Gifted education: is a broad term for special practices, procedures and theories used in the education of children who have been identified as gifted or talented • Basic education: The whole range of educational activities taking place in various settings (formal, nonformal and informal) that aim t meet the basic learning needs such as reading, writing and arithmetic Examples of Education: • Formal education : Secondary school vocational training workshop-university studies. • Non-formal education : Evening classes ,literacy classes. • Informal education : Theater, television, daily life in general . 2 – Collocations A collocation is a pair of words that generally goes or occurs together .Here are some that are related to education. Collocation related to education Education system goals background School subject year
uniform Private lessons institution school Equal opportunities rights status Other collocation : • higher education • university graduate • free classes • learning needs • mixed classes • cultural background • adult illiteracy Making request and responding Making request Accepting Declining / refusing • Can /could you+infinitive… • Would you mind+gerund… • I wonder if you can/could … Do you mind if … • Feel free Yes, • of course, With pleasure • , I am awfully sorry • No , YOU/I can’t Examples : A : Could you please help me with this exercise ? B : Yes . of course . A : Would you mind helping me with this exercise? B : I am awfully sorry but I am busy now . What is a Gerund? A gerund is a noun made from a verb. To make a gerund, you add “-ing” to the verb. For example: In the sentence “I swim every day”, the word “swim” is a verb. In the sentence “I like swimming”, the word “swimming” is a noun.
Therefore, “swimming” is a gerund. Second example: In the sentence “She reads several books a week”, the word “read” is a verb. In the sentence “Reading is important”, the word “reading” is a noun. Therefore, “reading” is a gerund. More examples of gerunds: buying, fishing, running, watching, telling, and so forth. The word “gerund” actually comes from the Latin word gerere, which means “do”. You could say this actually makes sense: the gerund describes an action, something you do. Gerunds are often used when actions are real or completed. Examples: (Note how the main underlined verb relates to real or completed actions.) • She stopped smoking. • I finished doing my homework. • They keep on fighting. • We discussed moving to Florida. • You recommended waiting until tomorrow. • He recalled falling asleep on the couch. • She practices playing those drums all the time. • John finished fixing the car. • The job involves dealing with animals. • Brian mentioned staying up late. • They suggested not keeping the luggage. • We started working on this yesterday. What is an Infinitive? An infinitive is the basic form of the verb + “to”.
Examples: to buy, to fish, to run, to watch, to tell, and so forth. Example Sentences: “I want to swim.” “They asked us to leave.” “To be, or not to be – that is the question.” “The goal is to win.” The word “infinitive” comes form the Latin word infinitus, from in- (not) and finitus (finished, limited). You could say this actually makes sense: the infinitive describes an action, but unlike a regular verb, it is not limited in any way. The regular verb is limited to the tense and subject. For example, in the sentence “Diana danced” the action is limited to Diana and to the past. However, the infinitive is unlimited. In the sentence “To dance is easy”, the action is not limited to any subject or to any time. Infinitives are often used when actions are unreal, general, or future. Examples: (Note how the main underlined verb relates to unreal, general, or future actions.) • Kate agreed to come. • I hope to see you soon. • We plan to finish this shortly. • They decided to return home. • She promised to stop smoking. • We agreed never to talk about it again. • He offered to sell the house. • I refuse to pay! • You seem to be disappointed. • She asked him not to leave. • I want to drink.
• They need to get up early. Linking words Linking words Linking words help you to connect ideas and sentences, so that people can follow your ideas in a logical way. They enable us, the readers, to follow the logic smooth transitions between sentences and paragraphs. Here is a list of the basic likning words: Giving examples For example For instance Namely The most common way of giving examples is by using for example or for instance. Namely refers to something by name. Adding information And In addition As well as Also Too Furthermore Moreover Apart from In addition to Besides Ideas are often linked by and. In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not before and : “We discussed training, education and the budget.” Also is used to add an extra idea or emphasis. “We also spoke about marketing.” You can use also with not only to give emphasis. “We are concerned not only by the costs, but also by the competition.” We don’t usually start a sentence with also. If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that means also, you can use In addition, or In addition to this… As well as can be used at the beginning or the middle of a sentence. “As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition.” “We are interested in costs as well as the competition.” Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well.
“They were concerned too.” “I, too, was concerned.” Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as, or in addition to. “Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer.” “Besides Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer.” Moreover and furthermore add extra information to the point you are making. “Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell us about the competition.” Summarising In short In brief In summary To summarise In a nutshell To conclude In conclusion Gateway 2 Unit 2: Cultural issues The vocabulary of the unit 1. Culture: The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. 2. Altruism: Selflessness, generosity, and kindness. 3. Citizenship: The set of rights and duties. 4. Initiative: The ability or opportunity to act before others do. 5. Tolerance: The ability to accept and respect the opinions and beliefs of others. 6. Intolerance: Unwillingness to accept views, beliefs, or behavior that differ from one’s own. 7. Coexistence: The ability to live together in harmony. 8. Cooperation: Participating and working together towards the same end or objective. 9. Equity: Equal treatment to anyone. 10. Diversity: Showing a great deal of variety; very different. 11. stereotype: A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or an idea of a particular type of person. Compound adjectives Compound adjectives are adjectives made up of two or more words usually with hyphens (-) between them. In general, we put a hyphen between two or more words (before a noun) when we want them to act as a single idea (adjective) that describes something. • a well-known writer • a brightly-lit room • deeply-rooted traditions • a good-looking boy
• a free-standing tower • a tongue-tied boy • a sun-dried fruit • a short-sighted man • a long-haired lady • a world-famous singer • a last-minute solution • deep-sea diving • a part-time job Past Perfect tense 1. The form of past perfect tense The past perfect tense is written this way: Had + past participle Ex: had played 2. The uses of past perfect tense • The past perfect tense is used to clarify the order of two actions in the past. Consider this example: My brother went to school at 07h45. I woke up at 09h00. The 1st action is (my brother went to school) the 2nd action is (I woke up). So The first action is going to be in the past perfect tense, whereas the second action will be in the simple past. My brother had gone to school before I woke up. • The past perfect tense is used to express regret or wishes in the past. consider this example: Last year I didn’t have good grades because I didn’t work hard. I regret I hadn’t had good grades. I wish I had worked hard. • The past perfect is used with Conditional type 3. consider this example: Last year I didn’t have good grades because I didn’t work hard. If I had worked hard, I would have had good grades. If + past perfect • The past perfect is used in reported speech. consider these examples: 1. Direct speech: ” I saw a film yesterday”
2. Indirect: he said he had seen a film yesterday. 1. Direct speech: ” We have just finished our meal” 2. Indirect: he said they had just finished their meal. 3. Time expressions used with past perfect tense As soon as, never, already+ Past perfect When + Simple past Until, just, since + Past perfect By the time + Simple past After + Past perfect Before + Simple past Examples : • My brother had gone to school before I woke up. • after I had revised my lessons, I watched a film. • I had never seen such a film before. Gateway 2 unit 3: The Gifts of Youth Vocabulary: Qualities of youth • Adventure: willingness to take the risk. • imagination: the mental ability to form new ideas. • passion: intense enjoyment, interest, or excitement. • ambition: a strong desire to do or achieve something. • vigor: physical strength or good health. • creativity: the ability to generate new methods or innovative ideas. • vitality: the state of being strong and active • talent: natural aptitude, ability or skill. • audacity: courage, fearless, disposition to do something. Some Adults think youths are: rebellious, intolerant, strong-headed, thoughtless, careless, immature, untidy, disobedient, adventurous. Some Youth think adults are: oldfashioned, intolerant, severe, bossy, undemocratic, mean, nosy, authoritarian. Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Vitality Vital vigor Vigorous imagination Imaginative adventure Adventurous Passion Passionate creativity Creative Talent Talented motivation Motivated Audacity Audacious Courage courageous
Enthusiasm Enthusiastic Ambition ambitious Skill Skilful Gift Gifted Idiomatic expressions an Idiom is an expression that can not be understood from the meanings of its separate words but that has a separate meaning of its own. here are some examples: • Rain cats and dogs: to rain heavily. It’s raining cats and dogs. • In the bag: Certain or extremely likely to occur. Don’t worry about the final exam. It’s in the bag. • Dead loss: something described as a dead loss is absolutely unsuccessful or useless (a complete failure) When it comes to maths, my sister is a dead loss. • With flying colors: easily and excellently. They had their exam with flying colours. • Be a cold fish: be a person who is distant and unfeeling. He rarely talks to his colleagues. He’s a cold fish. Functions/communication: Complaints Complaining Accepting complaint Refusing complaint • I have a complaint to make. … • Sorry to bother you but… • I’m sorry to say this but… • I’m afraid I’ve got a complaint about… • I’m afraid there is a slight problem with… • Excuse me but there is a problem about… • I want to complain about… • I’m angry about… • I’m so sorry, but this will never occur / happen again. • I’m sorry, we promise never to do the same mistake again. • I’m really sorry; we’ll do our utmost/best not to do the same mistake again. • I do apologize. • Sorry about that • I do express my apology . • I am very sorry. • Sorry there is nothing we can do about it. • I’m afraid, there isn’t much we can do about it. • We are sorry but it is just alright. Grammar: Phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs consist of a verb + a particle (preposition, adverb). The particle can change the meaning of the verb completely. For example:: • look up – consult a reference book (look a word up in a dictionary) • look for – seek (look for her ring) • look forward – anticipate with pleasure (look forward to meeting someone) to see a list of phrasal verbs click on Phrasal Verbs Gateway 2 unit 4 : Women and power Vocabulary related to the unit • Stereotype: an exaggerated or wrong image of the characteristics of a particular group . • Violence: actions or words which are intended to hurt people .
• Feminism: a movement which claims to advocate the right of women . • Self-confidence: a belief in one’s own abilities and skills. • International women’s day: an occasion celebrated by women’s groups around the world on March 8th. • Emancipation: freeing someone socially and politically. • Polygamy: having more than one spouse/wife. • Gender: male or female. Prefixes and suffixes 1. Prefixes A prefix is a group of letters at the beginning of a word which changes the word’s meaning. Example: dis – pre – contr – anti – re – post – out – co – mis Disappear – prehistoric – antibiotic – re-elect – post-war – outnumbered – co-exist – misunderstand 2. Suffixes A suffix is a group of letters at the end of a word which changes the word’s meaning and often its part of speech. Example: -cy –al -ance -ence –ism -able, -ible privacy- refusal – maintenance – eminence – communism – edible, presentable. Common Prefixes Prefix Meaning Example a-, an- without amoral ante- before antecedent anti- against anti-climax auto- self autopilot co- with co-pilot , co-work com-, con- with companion, contact contra- against contradict de- off, away from devalue dis- not disappear en- put into enclose ex- out of, former extract, ex-president extra- beyond, more than extracurricular hetero- different Heterogeneous homo- same homonym hyper- over, more hyperactive il-, im-, in-, ir- not, without illegal, immoral, inconsiderate, irresponsible in- into insert inter- between intersect intra- between intravenous macro- large macroeconomics micro- small microscope mono- one monocle non- not, without Non-violent Omni- all, every Omniscient – omnipresent post- after post-war
pre-, pro- before, forward precede, project, prehistoric sub- under submarine syn- same time synchronize trans- across transmit tri- three tricycle un- not unfinished uni- one unicorn Common Suffixes Noun Suffixes Suffix Meaning Example -acy state or quality privacy -al act or process of refusal -ance, -ence state or quality of maintenance, eminence -dom place or state of being freedom, kingdom -er, -or one who trainer, protector -ism doctrine, belief Communism , feminism -ist one who chemist -ity, -ty quality of veracity -ment condition of argument -ness state of being heaviness -ship position held Fellowship , friendship -sion, -tion state of being concession, transition, education Verb Suffixes -ate become eradicate -en become enlighten -ify, -fy make or become terrify -ize, -ise become civilize Adjective Suffixes -able, -ible capable of being edible, presentable -al pertaining to Regional, educational -esque reminiscent of picturesque -ful notable for fanciful -ic, -ical pertaining to musical, mythic -ious, -ous characterized by nutritious, portentous -ish having the quality of Fiendish , childish -ive having the nature of creative -less without Endless, homeless -y characterized by sleazy Functions: apology (saying sorry) Making apologies Accepting apologies
• I do apologize for… • I must apologize for… • I apologize for… • I’d like to apologize for… • I am so sorry for… • I shouldn’t have… • It’s all my fault. • I’m ashamed of… • Please, forgive me for… • Excuse me for … • I’m terribly sorry for… • Pardon me for this… • Please, forgive me for my…. • Please, accept my apologies for… • That’s all right. • Never mind. • Don’t apologize. • It doesn’t matter. • Don’t worry about it. • Don’t mention it. • That’s OK. • I quite understand. • You couldn’t help it. • Forget about it. • Don’t worry about it. • No harm done. The Passive Voice The passive voice is an easy lesson as long as we understand two things : 1. Sentence order. 2. The rule of passive voice. Now let’s delve into explaining more what is said before. 1-Sentence order Consider these changes in the table below : Active Structure Passive structure Subject(1) Verb(2) Object (3) Object (3) Verb(2) Subject(1) Tom Speaks English English is spoken by Tom The students wrote the lesson The lesson was written by students My dad is reading a newspaper a newspaper is being read by my father As you may have noticed that the structure of the active is different from the passive in this way : 1. Active : Subject + Verb + object 2. Passive : Object + verb + subject you may also have noticed that the verbs form in the active is different from the passive, and this is our next step in understanding this lesson. 2-The rule of passive voice the verb form in the passive sentence is written this way :
BE + Past participle Important : (Be) takes the tense/time of the verb in the active form . the following table shows the different tenses in the active/passive forms: Tenses Active Passive simple present Leila feeds an animal an animal is fed by Leila present continuous Leila is feeding an animal an animal is being fed by Leila present perfect Leila has fed an animal an animal has been fed by Leila simple past Leila fed an animal an animal was fed by Leila past continuous Leila was feeding an animal an animal was being fed by Leila past perfect Leila had fed an animal an animal had been fed by Leila the simple future Leila will feed an animal an animal will be fed by Leila future perfect Leila will have fed an animal an animal will have been fed by Leila modal verbs Leila can feed an animal an animal can be fed by Leila Gateway 2 unit 5: advances in science Vocabulary related to the unit The differences between science and technology: Science: Focuses on general knowledge, it is the process of producing knowledge via observations and investigating natural phenomena. Examples: math, physics chemistry, astronomy …… Technology: Applied science, it is the ability to change the world with materials, it is practical. Examples: robotics , biotechnology , communication , engineering …… Functions: expressing opinion Asking about opinion Expressing opinion Agreeing disagreeing • What do you think about….? • What’s your opinion….? • Are you for or against…..? • I think… • As far as I’m concerned,.. • To my mind,… • According to me,… • As I see it, … • It seems to me that… • In my point of view / my opinion,…. • I agree with you / I do agree • You’re definitely right • I share the same view • I’m afraid. I can’t agree with you. • I disagree with you. • I don’t agree with you. • I’m not sure I agree with you
• Do you think that …..? • From my point of view… • I am of the opinion that… • I take the view that. .. • My personal view is that… • In my experience… • As far as I understand / can see/see it,… • I think you’re wrong Grammar: The future perfect 1- Form: [ will have + verb ( past participle ) ] 2- Examples: You will have finished your school year by the end of July. will You have finished your school year by the end of July ? You will not have finished your school year by the end of July. 3- Use: The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future. It is generally used with expressions like : By , by then , by that time , by the 24th , by 2023 Writing : Descriptive essay . A descriptive paragraph or essay is characterized by the use of Adjectives. it tells how something looks, feels, smells, tastes, and/or sounds. A good description is a word picture; the reader can imagine the object, place, or person in his or her mind. Here is an example of a Descriptive paragraph: When I was two or three years old, I lived in a house that had a strange, atmosphere. I do not remember anything a bout the house except the stairway. It was dark, squeaking, and quite narrow, and its steps were a little high for me to c limb up. From the bottom of the stairway, it seemed like an endless climb to the top. Beyond the darkness at the top of the stairway, there was an elegant, middle-aged lady leaning against the wall. I had to pass her every time I went to my room, for my room was the first room beyond the stairs on the second floor. The lady wore a beautiful dress with a quiet pattern and a tinge of blue, and her peaceful eyes stared at me every time I went up the stairs. As I carefully climbed up the last step, her eyes became fixed on me. She didn’t talk, nor did she move. She just stood there and watched me climb up the stairs. one day I touched her, but she did not react.HeR face did not change expression, nor did she even blink. She just kept staring at me with her glittering eyes. Later, we moved out of the house, and I never saw her again.
Now I know that the lady was a mannequin. My aunt, who lived in the house , used it for her dress making class. Gateway 2 unit 6: Humor Gateway 2 unit 6: Humor: Vocabulary Words Definitions 1. Humor 2. A Joke 3. Humorous 4. An impression 5. To make fun of someone 6. To kid 7. Silly 8. Witty 1. Something said to cause laughter 2. A short story that causes laughter 3. Amusing , funny and laughable 4. An amusing imitation of a famous person 5. Laugh at someone in a mocking way 6. To make jokes or to joke with someone 7. Funny in a stupid way 8. Funny in an intelligent way Positive emotions or feeling Negative emotions or feeling Joy – gaiety – delight – cheerfulness – merriment – vivacity – calm – satisfaction – enthusiasm – optimism – jubilation Anger – despair – depression – loneliness – sadness – frustration – worry – fear Idioms : positive feeling /mood Idioms : negative feeling /mood • Lift one’s spirit • Things are looking up • Walk on air • Someone’s spirit rises • To feel quite down • Someone’s heart sink In the depths of despair • To be low Functions: Expressing agreeing or disagreeing Agreeing • There is no doubt about it that… • I completely / absolutely agree with you. • I agree with you entirely. • I totally agree with you. • I simply must agree with that. • I am of the same opinion. • I am of the same opinion. • That’s exactly what I think. Disagreeing
• I don’t agree with you. • I’m sorry, but I disagree. • I’m afraid, I can’t agree with you. • The problem is that… • I (very much) doubt whether… • This is in complete contradiction to… • With all due respect,I … • I am of a different opinion because … • I cannot share this / that / the view. • I cannot agree with this idea. • What I object to is… • I have my own thoughts about that. Grammar: Conditional 3 / wishes Conditional type 3 Clause main clause Form : if + subject + past perfect ( had past participle ) , subject + would + have +past participle Example Source sentence : I didn’t play sports , I was fat . Target sentence : If I had played sports , I wouldn’t have been fat II.Wishes : Steps to follow : • We look at the verb in the source sentence , if it is in simple present then we change it to the simple past and if it is in the past we change it to the past perfect Present wish : Source sentence: I don’t play sports , I am fat Target sentence: If only I played sports / I wish I played sports Past wish : Source sentence: I didn’t play sports , I was fat . Target sentence: If only I had played sports . / I wish I had played sports Gateway 2 unit 7 : citizenship Vocabulary related to the unit Citizenship : Citizenship is the status of a person recognized under the custom or law as being a member of a country. A person may have multiple citizenships and a person who does not have citizenship of any state is said to be stateless.
Rights Responsibilities /duties Can be both • to have a job • to be respected • have access to leisure activities • to have a say in what happens • to be free to tell your opinion • to have access to health care • to be safe • to have access to education • to be free to move • to tell the truth • do your personal best • respect others • to be concerned for the common good • to respect the flag of your country • to participate in community activities • to believe in human dignity and equality • respect the rules and laws • to respect the environment • to pay taxes • earn your livelihood • to have somewhere to live • to volunteer in your community service • to vote Functions: expressing regret A regret can be about something in present or in past. If it is in present then we use the rule of: present wish or conditional 2 If it is in past then we use the rule of: past wish or conditional 3. Examples: 1 ) Present regret Present situation Regret in present • I don’t know how to use computer . • I regret not knowing How to use computer • If only I knew how to use computer • I wish I knew how to use computer 2 ) Past regret Past situation Regret in past • I didn’t know how to use computer • I regret not knowing How to use computer • If only I had known how to use computer • I wish I had known how to use computer The reported speech (direct to indirect) • A speech can be divided into direct and indirect. “They are building a new school here “ => direct speech He said that they were building a new school there. => indirect speech • It can also be divided into : 1 – Statement: “they have just finished the exam “ 2 – Question : “what were you doing when they came? “ “Have you finished the exercise? “ 3 – Command: “stop teasing me “
“You must not smoke here “ “ you needn’t come “ • If the reporting verb is in present simple , present perfect or future simple then we report the sentence as it is . In other words , we make no changes . Ex : “they will move from here next week “ He says / is saying /will say that they will move from here next week But if the reporting verb is in simple past then certain changes are necessary. These changes affect : 1) Verbs 2) Pronouns ( I , you …. My ,your …., mine , their …..) 3) Time indications ( yesterday , tomorrow , now , next ……) 4) Place indications ( here , there , this place …..) NB : these changes take place when the reporting verb is in simple past and they are applied to : statements , questions and command Direct Indirect Verb tenses And modals 1. present Simple 2. present continuous 3. present perfect 4. past simple 5. past continuous 6. past perfect 7. will 8. can 9. may 10. shall 11. Must, have to . 1. past simple 2. past continuous 3. past perfect 4. past perfect 5. past perfect continuous 6. past perfect 7. Would 8. could 9. might 10. should 11. Had to . Time and place indication 1. Today 2. Yesterday 3. The day before yesterday 4. Tomorrow 5. The day after tomorrow 6. Next week, year…. 7. Last week, year…. 8. A day/week/month/year… ago 9. Here 10. This place / city …. 1. That day 2. The day before 3. Two days before 4. The next/following/coming day 5. In two days’ time 6. The following week , year…. 7. The previous week , year … 8. A day before / the previous week 9. There 10. That place / city … Pronouns The changing of pronouns depend on who is speaking . notice the two examples below : 1. “ I am not leaving with you” Katherine said to her Suppose that Katherine reported her statement . then : I said to her that I was not leaving with her But suppose that Bill reported Katherine’ statement then : Bill said that she was not leaving with her Examples : ❖ Statements : Direct speech : “ I saw her the day before yesterday, here “ he said Indirect speech : he said that he had seen her two days before , there . ❖ Questions :
1 – Wh –questions : ( these are questions that begin with a wh-word :what,where….) Direct speech : “ where is she going ?” Indirect speech: she asked where she was going . Notice : – the question mark is omitted . – The interrogative form of the verb becomes affirmative : Where is she ➔ where she was 2- Yes/no questions ( these are questions that their answers are either yes or no ) Direct speech : “ will you participate in the ceremony?” Kamal asked me Indirect speech: he wondered if /whether if /whether I would participate in the ceremony . Notice : – the question mark is omitted . – The interrogative form of the verb becomes affirmative : Will you participate ➔ I would participate ❖ Command : Direct speech : “revise your lessons” the mother said to her son . Indirect speech : the mother ordered her son to revise his lessons . Direct speech : “ don’t smoke here “ said the doctor In Direct speech :he ordered him not to smoke there Notice : in the indirect speech : Affirmative : reporting verb + pronoun + verb (infinitive) Negative : : reporting verb + pronoun + not + verb (infinitive) Gateway 2 unit 8 : Brain drain Target vocabulary Definiton : Brain Drain isthe departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector, or field for another usually for better pay or living conditions Causes of brain drain Push factors Pull factors
• Low wages and income • Unsatisfactory living conditions • Lack of research and other facilities including support staff • Declining quality of educational system • Social unrest, political conflicts and wars • Discrimination in appointments and promotions • Lack of satisfactory working conditions • Higher wages and salaries • Substantial funds for research, advanced technology, modern facilities • Political stability • Better working conditions • Intellectual freedom Words Definition Brain drain The emigration of educated professionals to other countries physician A person who practices medicine physicist An expert in physics scholar An educated person who has gained mastery in one or more disciplines Income Revenue gain Obtain something needed or wanted underdeveloped Not yet fully developed Skilled Having the ability to perform a task expertly and well unskilled Not having a special skill or training tempting Highly attractive Prefixes meaning Examples 1. inter 2. extra 3. intra 4. under 5. over 1. Between , among 2. Outside , beyond 3. Within , inside 4. Less than , insufficient 5. Excessively , more than 1. intercontinental 2. extraterrestrial 3. intercellular 4. underpaid 5. overpopulated
6. super 7. hyper 6. Above , over , beyond 7. Above , over , excessive 6. supersonic 7. hypersensitive collocation • Brain drain • Low pay • Attract attention • Developed countries • High technology • Skilled workers Expressing concession Expressions of concession Examples • Although – though • However – yet – nevertheless • Despite – in spite of + verb (ing) • Although women’s situation have improved , it still needs more • Many girls can attend school , yet their situation is far from perfect • In spite of being blind , Helen Keller wrote famous novels Functions :ask for and give advice Ask for advice Give advice • what do you advise me to ? • what do you think I should do ? • what do you suggest to … • what would you do in this situation • what should I do to ….. • may be / I think you should …… • If + subject +(simple past)+subject + would + (infinitive) • You should/ought to Grammar : Restrictive and non-restrictive clauses • Both Restrictive and non-restrictive clauses begin with WH-words (who , which, whose……..) • Restrictive clauses: are not set off by commas, they are dependent, very important and limit the meaning. • Non-restrictive clauses: are set off by commas, they are independent, not very important to the meaning. Who = refers to a subject whom = refers to the object of a sentence Which = it refers to an object (preferences) when = refers to time where = refers to place Whose = refers to possession That = people, animals and things
Examples : • a woman teaches us French . the woman has a beautiful car the woman who/that teaches us french has a beautiful car • a bird is on the tree . the bird is singing the bird which/that is on the tree is singing • I met a boy yesterday .the boy is my cousin the boy whom I met yesterday is my cousin • the government helps poor families .their children go to school. the government helps poor families whose children go to school • summer is a season . many people love to go to the beach in summer summer is a season when people love to go to the beach • Morocco is a beautiful country . many tourists love to spend their holidays in Morocco Morocco is a beautiful country where many tourists love to spend their holidays in Gateway 2 unit 9: Sustainable development Definition : Sustainable development is a road-map, an action plan, for achieving sustainability in any activity that uses resources and where immediate and intergenerational replication is demanded. As such, sustainable development is the organizing principle for sustaining finite resources necessary to provide for the needs of future generations of life on the planet. It is a process that envisions a desirable future state for human societies in which living conditions and resource-use continue to meet human needs without undermining the “integrity, stability and beauty” of natural biotic systems. Sustainable development • Social issues : Health care / social justice Poverty elimination Property rights / equal pay for women • Economic issues : Raw materials Climate change Micro enterprise Transport infrastructure
• Environment issues : Climate change /ecological crisis Water pollution/forest preservation Recycling waste/energy preservation Collocation: A collocation is a pair of words that generally goes or occurs together .Here are some that are related to Sustainable development : Civil society Non-governmental organization Sustainable development Renewable energy Urban areas Functions :Expressing certainty and uncertainty Certainty is the state of being sure about something.It’s when you have no doubt about it. Uncertainty is the antonym of certainty .It is when you are unsure or doubtful about something . certainty uncertainty • Undoubtedly • It is crystal clear • No one can deny • Will not be • To be sure • Certainly • Must • I doubt • May + verb • Guess + verb • Probably • Think • Assume • Can Modal verbs with this table, you will be able to understand the different functions Modal verbs have . Example and substituting verbs and expressions are also given Modal Verb Function Substituting verb can could • Ability – John can speak English, but he can’t speak Spanish. • Ability (in the past) – My mother could swim when she was younger. • Possibility – I can learn English. • Permission – Can I go out please? • Offer – Can I help you, madam? • Request – Could you bring me a cup of tea, please? • To be able to • To be capable of • To be (im)possible to • To be allowed to May Might • Permission (politeness) – May I open the window, please? • Possibility – The chauffeur may be in the car. • To be allowed to • To be likely to
Modal Verb Function Substituting verb Susan may not come tomorrow. You might participate in the contest. • Probability – It might rain. • To be probable to • Perhaps… will Will Would • Requests (more polite) – Would you mind closing the door? • Determination/intention – I will pass the exam. • To want • To desire • To be determined to Shall Should • Offer – Shall I open the door for you? • Suggestion – Shall we go to the cinema? • Advice – You should eat more vegetables. • Do you want…? • Let’s • To have to (morally) • To be the (moral) duty • … Would better… Must/Have to Had to • Obligation/duty – You must do your homework, whether you want to or not. • Deduction – He has a great car. He must earn a lot of money. • Necessity – You must go to the doctor if you can’t see well. • To have to • To be obliged to • To have the obligation • To be certain Mustn’t • Prohibition – You mustn’t cross the road when the red light is on. • To be forbidden • To be prohibited to Ought to • Recommendation/moral obligation – You ought to study more. • To have to Need/Needn’t • (Absence of) obligation/necessity – You needn’t run. It’s still early. • To be necessary • Don’t need to • Don’t have to Dare • Audacity or lack of it – How dare you?/He daren’t look at me. • To have the courage to Gateway 2 unit 10 : International Organisations Definition : international organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence. There are two main types: governmental and non-governmental organizations. These pages provide facts sheets about some of these organizations.
Acronyms (abbreviations) of famous International organisations UNESCO: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNICEF: United Nations Children‘s Emergency Funds UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees WHO: World Health Organisation FAO: Food and Agriculture Organisation ICRC: International Committee of the Red Crescent / Cross TI: Transparency International AI: Amnesty International Officials (persons) Documents Establishment (places) • Spokesman • deputy • diplomat • vice president • commissioner • ambassador • secretary general • Charter • resolution • report • declaration • constitution • Assembly general • headquarter • congress • court • council Functions: Expressing Good news and bad news Good news bad news • Sounds great • My goodness • Superb • Great news • Are you kidding • I can’t believe it • Really? • Incredible • Sorry to hear that • Oh , my Lord • Are you kidding • I can’t believe it • Really
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