english question and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.
Respond to the following questions.
Discuss what you learned about learning preferences via the PDF below.
Share which theory, Multiple Intelligences or VARK, resonated with you more and why.
Did you take the assessment(s) via the links provided in the PDF?
Based on what you learned, what aspects of learning might you want to give more attention to?
How might you adjust your study habits to improve your studying efficiency?
Requirements: answer the question
IntroductionThismodulerecognizesthatallpeoplelearndifferently.Learnershavedifferentlearningpreferences,strengths,andchallenges,andtheycanutilizedifferentstrategiestomaketheirlearningmosteffective.Learningpreferencesincludethemodeorcombinationofmodesthatlearnerstendtopreferorrespondwellto,includingaural,visual,verbal,andkinesthetic.Somepeoplelearnwellbyspecificallyincludingoneormoreof:reading,listening,speaking,watching,orpractising.Memoryismostenhancedwhenacombinationofmodesareused.Sometypesoflearningworkbetterwithsomemodes.Forexample,whenitcomestolearningtoski,itismuchmoreefficienttopracticeitthantoreadaboutit.Alongwiththetypeoflearningandthepreferenceofthelearner,itisgoodtonotethatindividuallearnershavedifferent strengths and abilities. Utilizing these to the fullest makes for better learning.Alongwithpreferencesandstrengths,learnershavedifferentchallenges.Thesecancomeintheformoflearningchallengesorchallengingcircumstances.Learningchallengescanincludelearningdisabilitiesofvaryingdegrees,orifnotdiagnoseddisabilities,learningstrugglesthathaveimpededabilitytolearninthepast.Challengingcircumstancesthataffectlearningcanincludetemporaryorlong-termcircumstancesthatimpactabilitytolearnsuchaslosingalovedone,medicalconditions,ordysfunctionallivingconditions.Theseoftenhaveanegativeimpactonlearners’abilitiestobesuccessfulat school.Identifyingandrecognizingallthesefactorsimpactinglearningwillhelpyoutoexaminedifferentstrategies and supports to help you to maximize your learning at post-secondary.Learning ObjectivesIn this chapter on “Learning Preferences,” students will:•Identify own learning preferences and strengths.•Recognize how personal learning preferences affect perception and processing information.•Recognize learning differences and challenges and their impact on learners.•Examine different applicable strategies.45
Knowing how to utilize your learning preferences helpsyou become a more efficient learner.2.1 Learning Preferences and StrengthsWhat Are Your Learning Preferences?Differentpeoplehavedifferentlearningpreferences.Therearemanymodelswhichareusedtodescribethesepreferences.Learningstylesisonethataccountsforlearnerdifferences,whichcanbeusefulinunderstandingthedifferentwayswelearn.Itcanalsobeusefultoknowyourstrengths and use them to enhance learning.Stylereferstoastudent’sspecificlearningpreferencesandactions.Onestudentmaylearnmoreeffectivelyfromlisteningtotheinstructor,whileanotherpreferstotakenotes.Anotherlearnsmoreeffectivelyfromreadingthetextbook,whileanotherstudentbenefitsmostfromcharts,graphs,andimagestheinstructorpresentsduringalecture.It’simportanttonotethatpeopledon’tnecessarilyhaveasinglestyle.Studentscan use different styles in different situations, but they often tend toward specific preferences.Learningstyleisimportantincollegeanduniversity.Eachdifferentstyle,describedlaterinmoredetail,hascertainadvantagesanddisadvantagescomparedwithotherstyles.Noneis“right”or“wrong.”Youcan learn to use different styles more effectively.Instructorsalsohavedifferentteachingstyles,whichmayormaynotmatchupwellwithyourlearningpreference.Althoughyoumaypersonallypreferacertainstyleofteaching,youcannotexpectthatyourinstructorswilluseexactlythestylethatyouprefer.Thereforeitisimportanttoknowhowtoadapttoteaching styles.Itisimportanttonotethattherearemanycriticismsofthelearningstylesmodel.Someresearcherspurportthatthereisnoevidencethatidentifyingalearner’slearningstyleandthenteachingtoitaccordinglyresultsinincreasedstudentoutcomes.Anothercriticismisthatidentifyingonesinglelearningstyleormethodoflearningandfocusingonitalonecanresultinignoringtheotherlearningmodalities,andthiscouldultimatelyhamperlearning.Itismuchmoreusefultothinkofitlikethis:ifyourecognizealearningstrength,thenusethatstrengthbyaddingmoreofittoyourlearningstrategies.Butdon’tstopusingtheothermodalities.Forexample,ifyoudiscoverthatlisteningisastrengthforyou,thenitwouldbeusefulforyoutoaddlisteningactivitiestoyourcoursework,suchasdownloadinglecturesandre-listeningtothemwhileyouaredoingotheractivities(ridingthebus,goingforarun,ordoingthedishes).Butlisteningtolecturesonyourphoneshouldnotreplaceattendingclasses,practisingconceptsbydoinghomeworkquestions,orworkingtogetherinstudygroups–astheseareallthingsthatcan enhance your learning as well.47
Consider the following theories and see if any of the concepts resonate with you.Multiple IntelligencesOften,weassociatelearninginuniversitywithstrengthsinreadingandwriting.Thoughitistruethatreadingandwritingareimportantskillsusedinmanycourses,youcanalsoapplyotherlearningstrengths to contribute to successful learning.Differentsystemshavebeenusedtodescribethedifferentwaysinwhichpeoplelearn.Somedescribethedifferencesbetweenhowextroverts(outgoing,gregarious,socialpeople)andintroverts(quiet,private,contemplative people) learn. Some divide people into “thinkers” and “feelers.”ApopularframeworkisMultipleIntelligences,basedonresearchbyHowardGardner.Gardnerproposedthatthereareeightdifferentwaysoflearning,creatingthings,andsolvingproblems.Everyoneusesalleightoftheseintelligences;however,ineachindividual,someintelligencesareareasofstrength,whileothers are weaker, leading to different preferences in learning. The eight multiple intelligences are:1.Verbal (prefers words)2.Logical (prefers math and logical problem solving)3.Visual (prefers images and spatial relationships)4.Kinesthetic (prefers body movements and doing)5.Rhythmic (prefers music, rhymes)6.Interpersonal (prefers group work)7.Intrapersonal (prefers introspection and independence)8.Naturalist (prefers nature, natural categories)48Chapter2LearningPreferences
The Multiple Intelligences are music smart (musical), body smart (body-kinesthetic),people smart (interpersonal), word smart (verbal-linguistic), logic smart(logical-mathematical), nature smart (naturalistic), self smart (intrapersonal), andpicture smart (visual-spatial). Gardner later added life smart (existential).Here is a more detailed description of the different intelligences:2.1LearningPreferencesandStrengths49
The Multiple IntelligencesIntelligenceDescription“Word smart”Verbal-LinguisticIntelligenceThe capacity to use language to express what’s on your mind and to understand otherpeople. People who are high in this intelligence are sensitive to language, meanings,and the relationship of words. They engage easily with vocabulary activities, grammar,poetry, essays and plays.“Logic smart”Logical-MathematicalIntelligencePeople with a highly developed logical-mathematical intelligence understand theunderlying principles of some kind of a causal system; or can manipulate numbers,quantities, and operations. Abstract thinking, counting, organizing; and logicalstructures are preferred by people high in this intelligence. They also like criticalthinking activities, breaking words into smaller parts and reassembling them.“Picture smart”Visual-SpatialIntelligencePeople strong in this intelligence have the ability to represent the spatial worldinternally in their minds. Spatial intelligence can be used in the arts or in the trades andsciences. Those who are spatially intelligent and oriented toward the arts, are morelikely to become painters or sculptors or architects than, say, musicians or writers.These people tend to be keen observers, able to think in three dimensions, and like touse metaphors. Learning materials that work well for them include: graphs, charts,colour codes, guided imagery, pictures, posters, and mind maps.“Body smart”Bodily-KinestheticIntelligenceBody smart people have the capacity to use their whole body or parts of their body–hands, fingers, arms – to solve a problem, make something, or put on some kind of aproduction. These people have good body control and fine motor skills; and are oftenactive and animated. They need “hands-on” learning opportunities, like shop, labs,games, skits, and plays.“Music smart”Musical IntelligenceMusic smart people have the capacity to think in music, to be able to hear patterns,recognize them, remember them, and perhaps manipulate them. People who have astrong musical intelligence don’t just remember music easily – they can’t get it out oftheir minds, it’s so omnipresent. People will be sensitive to rhythm, pitch, intonation,and can remember tunes and rhythms easily. They tend to like poems, plays, jazzchants, rap music, songs, and musically guided imagery.“People smart”InterpersonalIntelligenceThose who are people smart have an understanding of other people. Anybody whodeals with people has to be skilled in the interpersonal sphere. This is a socialintelligence and those who are high in this area are outgoing and interactive; sensitiveto others’ moods, feelings, and motivations.“Self smart”IntrapersonalIntelligenceSelf smart people have an understanding of themselves, of knowing who they are, whatthey can do, what they want to do, how they react to things, which things to avoid, andwhich things to gravitate toward. They tend to know what they can do. They tend toknow what they can’t do, and they also tend to know where to go if they need help.“Nature smart”NaturalisticIntelligenceNature smart people have the ability to discriminate among living things (plants,animals), sensitivity to other features of the natural world (clouds, rock configurations)as well as a good sense of their surroundings and environment. They are also sensitiveto changes around them, both outdoors and indoors.Gardner later added a9th intelligence: “LifeSmart” ExistentialIntelligencePeople with existential intelligence have the sensitivity and capacity to tackle deepquestions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, the reason for death, andthe explanation of how we got here. They tend to be reflective, deep-thinking, and ableto design abstract theories. They appreciate multiple perspectives, see connections,challenge assumptions, and push boundaries. They can become scientists, philosophers,and theologians.50Chapter2LearningPreferences
Itisalsoimportanttonotethatwecancontinuetodevelopourintelligence,andusemultipleintelligencestolearncontentinanycourse.Ourbrainscontinuetogrowanddevelopovertime,evenintoadulthood.Takingfulladvantageoftheseopportunitiesforgrowthcansupportlearninginanycourse.Exercise: Multiple IntelligencesGo to Howard GardnerL Multiple Intelligences Test (http://www.businessballs.com/howardgardnermultipleintelligences.htm#multiple%20intelligences%20tests) and scroll down to the link for “free Multiple Intelligences test (based on Howard Gardner’s model)—in Microsoft Excel self-calculating format, and other versions.” You need Microsoft Excel on your computer to take this free online assessment of your preferred multiple intelligences learning styles.Clicking the link will download an Excel spreadsheet with 74 questions. Answer each as directed on the 1 to 4 scale. Your score totals are then shown for each of the “multiple intelligences” learning styles.Themultipleintelligencesapproachrecognizesthatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentways,orcombinationsofways,ofrelatingtotheworld.Hereisanexampleofvisual-spatialintelligence,asanartistic, autistic savant draws the New York City skyline from memory.Video:“Stephen Wiltshire draws NYC for UBS” (length 3:49)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsJbApZ5GF0&t=5s2.1LearningPreferencesandStrengths51
Hands on learningVARK Learning StylesApopularapproachtolearningstylesiscalledtheVARKapproach1,whichfocusesonlearningthroughdifferentsenses(Visual,Aural,Reading/Writing, andKinesthetic):•Visual learners prefer images, charts,and the like.•Aural learners learn better by listening.•Reading/writing learners learn betterthrough written language.•Kinesthetic learners learn throughdoing, practising, and acting.Youcantakeafree,self-scoredonlineassessmentofyourVARKlearningstyleatVARKLearningStylesQuestionnaire[PDF](http://www.businessballs.com/freepdfmaterials/vak_learning_styles_questionnaire.pdf).Onceyoudiscoverthedifferencesinlearningstylesandhowtheypertaintoyou,itmayhelpyoutoshedlightonyourownlearninghabitsandpreferences,andgiveyouideasforincorporatingotherstrategies.Youshouldn’tconcludethatyouareonetypeoflearneroranotherandthatyoushouldjustfocusyourlearningonusingyourpreferredlearningstyleaspreviouslythought.Itcanbehardtobreakstudyhabitswhichhaveformedovermanyyears.However,byincorporatingdifferentmodalitiesinyourlearning,youaremorelikelytorememberandunderstand.Thinkofitashavingatoolbox of ways to think and learn, and for each task, ask yourself which tool is the best one for the job.Therearemanysystemsusedbyeducatorstodescribethevariouswaysinwhichpeoplelearn.Thesesystemscanhelpyoulearnmoreabouthowyouasanindividualpersonandpost-secondarystudentlearn–bothinyourcurrentstudystrategiesandinhowyoucouldenhanceyourlearningbyincludingother less familiar strategies. Feel free to research this further on your own.1.Fleming, N.D. (1996).Teaching and Learning Styles: VARK Strategies. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.52Chapter2LearningPreferences
Exercise: VARK Learning Styles1.My preferred learning styles from the VARK model are:2.I will begin working to strengthen my learning through these other styles:Cultural PreferencesSomelearningpreferencesaredeterminedbycultureandpractice.CertainculturesorgroupshavespecificwaysoflearningthatdifferfromtraditionalWesternpractices.Indigenouslearning,forexample,oftenusesstory-tellingtodemonstrateconcepts.Storiesarepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration,usingelderstoteachtheyoungerones.Learninginthismannerincorporatessocialaspects,feelings of safety, and a familiarity for Indigenous learners.Indigenous learning circle. Story-telling is often a culturalpreference for Indigenous learners.Exercise: Cultural or Group Learning PreferencesThink about whether there are certain styles of learning, whether it be because of your culture, race, religion,association, or other group, that has influenced your style of learning. What practices are familiar to you?What practices help you learn better?Learningpreferencescomeinmanyforms.Whateverlearningmodelyouconsider,youshouldpayattention to what works for you (and what doesn’t) and organize your study sessions accordingly.2.1LearningPreferencesandStrengths53
Text Attributions•Text under the “What Are Your Learning Preferences” and “VARK Learning Styles”headings is from “How You Learn” inUniversity Successby N. Mahoney, B. Klassen, andM. D’Eon. Adapted by Mary Shier.CC BY-NC-SA.•Text under the “Multiple Intelligences” heading is from “Evaluate Your Learning Skills andStrengths” inUniversity 101by Kwantlen Polytechnic University.CC BY-SA. Adapted byMary Shier.CC BY.Video Attributions•Stephen Wiltshire draws NYC for UBSby4heraldsq. Standard YouTube licence.Media Attributions•Multiple Intelligences(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Multiple-intelligence.jpg)© Sajaganesandip is licensed under aCC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike)(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)license•Learning Circle ©Gordon Shier(https://gordon-shier.tumblr.com/)is licensed under aCCBY (Attribution)(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)license54Chapter2LearningPreferences
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