economics report and need the explanation and answer to help me learn.
Choose a specific country/region, a group of countries/regions, or countries/regions in general. Thereafter, summarize a major economy-related problem currently faced by the country/region, and draw implications or/and ideas from the experiences of Japan to resolve the problem.
South East Asia problem: infrastructure development
body paragraph: The primary components that make up the infrastructure sector are ports and airports, warehousing facilities, oil and gas pipelines, irrigation, roads, and telecommunications, as well as trains, irrigation, water supply and sanitation, and irrigation. Because of this, the improvement of a nation’s infrastructure is absolutely necessary for the expansion of its many industries as well as the economy as a whole in that nation. Unfortunately, in many regions or countries in South East Asia, such as Vietnam, Indonesia, Myanmar, etc, where it is difficult to achieve this level of development, and the level of development that has been achieved is uneven in every region. According to Thomas and Brittanicca, the majority of the available infrastructure in Southeast Asia was built during the colonial period however, it deteriorated rapidly after the war; since achieving independence, many of the countries have gradually been restoring and expanding their road networks (R.Leinbach, n.d.). For instance, we may take a look at countries such as Myanmar and the nations that are located on the Indochinese Peninsula in general. The infrastructure in these countries is not very well developed, with the exception of certain regions of Vietnam, where advancements were achieved during the time of the war.
Then, based on the Japan times, although Japan does collaboration, investment, and loans to many countries in South East Asia in order to make significant improvements in its infrastructure through the deployment of remote areas of the archipelago, it is still not enough to be received on all remote region on the countries (Dominguez, 2022). In addition, a lack of appropriate power supply, poor health, and tough transit circumstances have hindered the growth of South Asia’s industrial sector, which was formerly predicted to expand at a far faster rate. Because of this, employment opportunities have shrunk, and those that remain are often precarious. These are the factors that contribute to the unequal and sluggish pace of infrastructure development in Southeast Asia.
However, as a developed country, Japan is famous for its advanced and efficient infrastructure system, thanks to its continuous work to implement strategies and technologies. From the 1950s to 1970s, during the miracle economic development period of Japan, the government took an important role in implementing several infrastructure projects. One of the iconic infrastructure advances in Japan is shinkansen, the high-speed bullet train that connects Tokyo with major cities launched in 1964, and connects major cities around Japan in the following period. Shinkansen network provides cheaper costs than traveling by air and faster than traveling by non-shinkansen. However, according to (Hiramatsu, 2018), the invention of shinkansen leads to the widen or narrow of interregional gap. It helps increase the population in big cities and decrease the population in small cities, therefore, the work and employment rate gap; and the economic activities becomes more convenient and greatly concentrated. Beside the economic impact, shinkansen also have cultural impact, as it becomes the symbol of modern Japan nowadays, represents the technological wonders and national prestige (DROUBIE, 2006)
Japan has also implemented intelligent transportation systems (ITS) powerfully, which includes satellite-based on-board navigational system, automatic money collection system for the use on toll roads, Smart Highway, Smart Car. ITS reduces the number of traffic accidents, traffic congestion; it enhances the safety and convenience of public transportation (Hollborn, 2002). In addition to airport and port facilities, Japan has grown both domestically and internationally, many major airports was expanded and upgraded such as Tokyo’s Haneda Airport and Osaka’s Kansai International Airport, to handle vast number of passengers. Major ports such as in Yokohama and Kobe were developed to implement advanced logistics systems.
Being a mountainous country and susceptible of typhoons and heavy rainfall, Japan faces a lot of challenges related to water management. However, Japan constructs an extensive system of dams, reservoirs, flood control channels… to manage water resources and mitigate the risks of flooding. These infrastructure measures help Japan reduce the negative impact of natural disasters.
Not only being a developed country with technological advances, Japan is trying to modernized its infrastructure sustainably. After the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011, Japan reduced its reliance on nuclear power, and diversify in renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Japan also embraces smart city concepts to improve the life quality for residents, includes the energy-efficient buildings, smart grids, intelligent street lighting, advanced waste management systems… which also imposes a better impact on the environment.
Requirements: 200
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